Tournament Announcement!

After numerous requests, I am proud to announce that I will not only be analyzing warrior-cultures, but pitting them against each other in the 'Deadliest Warrior' fashion! A tournament, composed of 16 warrior 'teams' is currently in the works. The tournament is for historical AND entertainment purposes, so we will analyze the weapons, war-fare, and tactics of each of the warriors, but will also be complete with a story, battle 'simulations', and much more!

Sound good so far? Well... We've only begun to scratch the surface! The tournament itself will be hosted by none-other then  Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, 10th Emperor of Rome! To celebrate the completion of the Colosseum in 80 AD, he's courtly invited the great empires and nations of the world to compete in a battle for the ages! With that said, only warrior-cultures from pre-80 AD (with exceptions for certain, more 'primitive' cultures that cam much, much later) will be included in the matches and story-arch. 


Furthermore, there's only one more announcement to make; the match-ups! Because I know everyone will be deathly curious as to WHO exactly will be competing, I've decided to leak the matches (in no particular order!) 

                                                            Sparta vs. Hawaii

                                                                          

                                                            Germania vs. Persia 

                                                            

                                                            Israel vs. Inca 

                                                            

                                                            Zulu vs. Gaul 

                                                            

                                                            Gladiators vs. Han Dynasty 

                                                            

                                                            New-Kingdom Egypt vs. Mauryan Dynasty

                                                            

                                                            Aztec Empire vs. Carthage 

                                                            

                                                            Rome vs. Macedonia  

That about wraps it up for now! The first round and more details will be posted within the week!

Celtic Analysis Part 2: The Picts

By: Logan R. 

-Intro: In this analysis, we’ll be looking into the mysterious, but very compelling and powerful ethos, of the Pictish Warrior. As stated in my previous analysis, we Celts are an ethnic group that has divided itself into numerous clans, tribes, and families while still identifying with a single culture and similar language. The Picts, in particular, have always seemed to capture the historical imagination in a rather exotic and mysterious way; images of naked warriors, covered in blue tattoos, storming down from the icy north to do battle with the Roman Legions at Hadrian’s Wall! It’s a sight that is both glorious and frightful, and I think that says a lot about the Pictish warrior way; glorious and frightful.

The Pictish past is somewhat uncertain, but they became the dominate power in Northern Britain for nearly 500 years, then mysteriously vanished from history; merging and fading into the Gaelic population, and giving birth to the Kingdom of Alba, and later, Scotland.

So in this analysis, we’re going to take a detailed look into the origins of the Picts; examine their heroic and warrior society, their training, education, appearance, tactics, weapons and equipment, rituals, and their experience in battle. How did these Celts wage war? And in the spirit of ‘Deadliest Warrior’ I will do my best to make out and explain why the Picts should be regarded as some of the ‘deadliest warriors’ in all of history.

-Who were the Picts?/ The Pictish Origin Myth: The Picts are first mentioned by name, and as a tribe, under a Roman account in 297 AD, although the context of the account appears that they had been giving the Romano-British hell for quite some time. The word ‘Pict’ is said to be derived from the Latin word ‘pictus’, meaning painted, in reference to the Picts habit of wearing blue war-paint into battle and often tattooing their bodies in Celtic symbols as a tribal custom. And as there is no reason to deny that the Picts followed this practice, an explanation for why the Romans chose to call them the ‘Picts’ is still not fully adequate… There was really no reason for the Romans to invent a word for a tribal people who happened to have a tattoo obsession, they were more than aware of various tribes throughout the Empire’s history who had the same tendency to mark their bodies in such a manner.
Irish, Welsh, and Norse accounts refer to the Picts in a very similarly to the Romans, using words like ‘pettr’, ‘pictae’, ’poehta’, and ‘picars’ in various accounts. All of these seem to be variants of a real name, not, necessarily, a slang term to mean ‘painted’. The Romans had a habit of using the word in a tribal sense; ‘…savage tribes of Scotti and Picti…” (The ‘Scotti’ referring to the Gales who had come over from Ireland to settle the Kingdom of Dalriada). In conclusion? It seems rather likely that ‘Picti’ was, in fact, a proper name, and the reference to the tattoos by Roman sources was a clever coincidence.

So, in a word, who were the Picts? The Picts were the Celtic inhabitance of northern Britain from roughly 297-858 AD. They were experienced warriors and represented a high point of Celtic culture; remaining free and unconquered while living on the borders of the vast Roman Empire.

But this puzzling, partially because they were not mentioned, atleast by name, until 297 AD making them near absence from the first two centuries of the Roman Empire… So where did they come from? Historians believe that they had descended from the native Caledonian Britons, but had developed a separate off-shot culture, much like how the Native American Comanche’s split from their mother tribe. Others state that they were all that was left of a native aboriginal tribe of the highlands, who adopted Celtic culture centuries before. Others still state that they were of Gaelic origin and a sister tribe to the Irish, although this is highly unlikely. St. Columbus, an Irish Missionary who preached to the Pictish pagans, could hold a conversation with the Welsh or Britons, but needed a translator for the Picts, suggesting they did not have a Gaelic language base.

But what did the Picts themselves say of their heritage? Their folklore states that they were of mixed Celtic and Scythian origin, descending from Sarmatian knights in Roman service, who had ruled over the native populace. This however, is often regarded as sheer mythology, and not actual fact, playing largely into the Arthurian Legend. It has been suggested that this ‘Pictish Foundation Myth/The Arthurian Legend’ was used as a form of political propaganda by various lords and chieftains, aiming to unite the seven kingdoms of Caledonia under a single Pictish rule. This was a rather successful campaign, as the Picts were the first ‘barbarians’ to establish a recognizable nation free of Roman rule. Celtic Oral Traditions, however, are nothing to just simply dismiss and should be respected, especially since numerous sources tell very similar tales of Arthur and his Knights; mythology or fact, it was part of Pictish foundations and traditions.
Pictish Society and Social Structure: The Picts really left no hard written evidence of their daily lives, history, mythology, society, or structure. But, despite their mysterious aura, the Picts did not live in complete isolation, their neighbors kept records of them. We have to draw heavily from cross-referencing other Celtic peoples from the British Isles. Much of what can be discerned from a Pictish warrior’s life can apply heavily to that of a Briton or Irish warrior, while also drawing from accounts that Romans, Gaels, Vikings, Saxons, even Saint Columbus himself, kept of these Celtic folk.

What we do know is that Pictish society was highly clan-based and tribal, but they were also rather politically centralized, having an identifiable ‘nation’. The nation was divided into seven kingdoms ruled by separate, but united, kings, later referred to as ‘Royal Stewarts’. These Kings held a great degree of judicial power over their respective kingdom and were also the ‘Grand War-Chiefs’, responsible for leading armies to battle in times of great war.

Above these Stewarts, laid a higher power; the Pictish High Kings. One for the ‘Northern Picts’ and another for the ‘Southern Picts’. The Southern Picts occupied the kingdoms of Atholl, Circinn, Fife, and Fortrenn, while the Northern Picts inhabited Caithness, Moray, and Abredeenshire. At times, the Southern and Northern Picts had a degree of animosity, partially due to geography and religious differences. The Mounth, a range of hills in northeast Scotland, typically acted as a barrier between the two and, for a time, the Southern Picts had accepted Christianity, while the Northerners were still fiercely Pagan. The rivalry wasn’t always a hot-blooded one, however. Many times there was a single High King who ruled over the whole of Pictland and established unity, which was the true goal in Pictish, and later Scottish, society.
Below the Kings and Lords existed the tribal chieftains and their families. Genealogy and ancestral study was important to ALL Celtic societies, and the Picts were no exception. Clans were made up from the descent of a common ancestor, and clans of related family blood made up a region or kingdom, giving the Picts a strong sense of tribal unity. The Pictish clans were not all self governing, independent units, however. Their purpose was strictly legal and social, responsible for uniting through kinship and the like. At the very top of the clan hierarchy were the ‘daoine uaisle’, or ‘higher men’ who made up the elite warrior bands and had close genealogical ties to the chieftain. The middle class, sometimes referred to as ‘taskmen’, of Pictish society were composed of free individuals who worked the land and had the right to take up a sword when needed, not unlike the Anglo-Saxon Fyrd. At the bottom were slaves, who were typically taken during raids on rival peoples.

One of the most important classes, however, was the Druids, or the intellectual and spiritual elite of Celtic society. And although some performed religious services they were not necessarily regarded as ‘priests’; they functioned also as historians, instructors, poets, composers, philosophers, interrupters of the law, musicians, astronomers, craftsmen, and sometimes even as kings and chiefs. As a class of intellectuals they did, in fact, survive the coming of Christianity. They dubbed their ways to be pure in Christian eyes as they were to be regarded as ‘men of the arts’, giving rise to the medieval bard and minstrels. Some even went on to become clergymen of the Celtic Church.

-Born to the Fight; Pictish Training and Education: In all Celtic Societies noble sons, who would one day make up the warrior class, were not raised by their birth parents, but instead sent for fostering by another family. It was considered a great honour to take another’s child into your homestead; and it created brotherly ties and bonds between kin and clans alike. The foster -father was responsible for providing a rounded education for the young Celt, which included physical, academic, and artistic endeavors. Welsh, Irish, and later Scottish Highland sources paint a beautiful picture of just what this training consisted of. In Celtic society they were known as the ‘Four and Twenty Games of the Britons’ and they gave a fine list of what a well-rounded Celtic warrior was expected to acquire. There was the ‘Six Feats of Activity’ (hurling/lifting weights, running, leaping/jumping, swimming, wrestling/grappling, and horseback riding/charioting), the ‘Four Exercises of Weapons’ (archery/javelin-throwing, longsword, shortsword/dirk and buckler, and quarterstaff/spear), ‘Three Rural Sports’ (hunting, fishing, and hawking), ‘Seven Domestic Games’ (poetry, musicianship, heraldry, and diplomacy), and four board games, which were similar to chess and taught patience and tactical thinking.

The foster-father would pass down his battlefield knowledge to his adoptive son, and the certain aspect of the education, such as poetry, musicianship, and heraldry, just entrusted to the bards and druids, and later the Celtic Church. And while intelligence and learning was highly valued, the martial arts were always the first priority. Training always began young, the later Highlanders began training began training at ten, the ancient Irish at age seven, and the Welsh at age twelve or younger. So, we can assume, that the Picts were no different; training began in childhood. Teaching children the importance of war-fare and the Celtic way of war was very important. For example, the Irish and later Christian Picts, left the right hand of a child unblessed/unbaptized so that ‘unhallowed blows could be struck upon the enemy’. Training was sophisticated and formal, and the Irish sagas listed detailed ‘feats’ which a warrior was expected to master. These involved challenges of dexterity (such as being ambidextrous in sword-play), agility (such as jumping a large cavern or raven in a single leap), strength (such as lifting/tossing/carrying boulders and throwing the caber), voice (such as singing ancient ballads and war-songs, and also mastering the definitive ‘Celtic Battle Cry’), weapon handling (axes, spears, swords, daggers, archery, darts, and javelin throwing), and finally ‘spear vault’, which involved the warriors thrusting his spear butt-first into the ground and performing acrobatic stunts on its tip. Only the most fit and physically cut warriors could accomplish such a feat, however.

Games were an important tool for developing skills for the battlefield and grizzled veterans and young warriors alike would participate. These games aided in developing brotherly bonds, teamwork, and kept warriors fit and cunning in times of peace. Shinty was popular amongst the Picts, and was a game played since the Celtic iron-age, and still played in Scotland to this very day. It was a kind of Highland field-hockey, not unlike Native American lacrosse, and was perfect for practicing the quick moving mêlée-type brawls that were very typical of Celtic war-fare. A night game known as ‘Brandhab’ was also played, it was a kind of Pictish ‘Man-Hunt’ and it kept the mind and senses sharp, while also placing an emphasis on field-craft, agility, and prowess in individual combat.

Upon reaching adulthood the young and eager Celtic warrior would be required to give public proof of both their valour and skill at arms. This would usually be done by participating in a raid and returning with some kind of trophy, which would typically be the head of an enemy. The ancient Celtic custom of head-hunting was, in fact, practiced by the Picts, and if a young warrior managed to get himself a head, or even better yet, heads, he would be recognized as a full-fledged warrior and may even be rewarded for his first ever act of true bravery by the local lord or chief. For more information on the raid, see ‘The Raid and the Battle!’.

The fully trained Pictish Warrior was part of a noble elite, and the right to bear arms was a privilege and duty of the aristocracy. The warrior would be a proud, boastful, confident professional fighter and the eager, young Celt would aim to join a king or lord’s war-band. It was there that he would receive hospitality, arms, food, and treasure in return for his services. The Picts were not exactly mercenaries or sell-swords, but more of young adventurers and journeymen who offered their military prowess to any lord who offered them what he needed. And to a Celt, that meant things like weapons, mead, feasts, women, and praise from the bards. Warriors earned their living by taking up sword and spear, a nameless Celtic Hero once said, ‘My pointed spear, my sharp sword, my glittering shield are my wealth and riches; with them I plough, and with them I sow, and with them I make my wine; whoever does not dare resist my pointed spear, my sharp sword, and my glittering shield, prostrates himself before, and adores me as his lord and king.’

-Woad to Ruin; Battle-Field Appearance: From what can be discerned from the Pictish Rune Stones, no figures appear to be wearing armour of any kind. Archeologically, there are few examples to speak of; some iron scale armour and chainmail have been found, but both were probably looted Roman equipment. Other than this, no other armour can be discerned from Pictish stone carvings, save what appears to be a few leather tunics. In their day-to-day lives, Picts generally wore what other Celtic folk of the time sported; knee-length tunics made from wool or linen, and the pleated Celtic ‘brate’, or belted plaid that was first recorded to be worn by Celts since before Caesar’s time. And, like most other Celtic people, this is what they wore to war! Again, many Celt’s didn’t feel a need for heavy armour; they wanted to rely on speed, power, and aggression in combat. Armour was often viewed as a hindrance; particularly to the Picts. Their homeland was naturally very mountainous and covered in forests, to even maneuver through such rough terrain, let alone survive, armour would be a serious problem. A clan leader or chieftain could have sported chainmail or scale armour, but again, this was often looted and would have been a rare sight.

Pictish figures on the Rune Stones also appear to be bare-footed most of the time. Although several leather shoes have been found from the Pictish era, bare legs and feet were a very common sight. Hairstyles among the Picts were often an outward way of showing one’s rank. Hair was worn long, typically to protect from the harsh Caledonian weather, and long mustaches and goatees were often sported, as was Celtic custom. Again, long hair and beards were not only fashionable, but a bit of a luxury to protect one’s self against snow and icy winds. Hair was often braided in order to weigh it down in battle or strong gusts of wind and weather, so it did not become a cumbersome hindrance, but instead, a useful asset.

Perhaps the most unique aspect of Pictish culture was the famous tattooing. In 600 AD Isidore of Seville wrote, “The race of Picts have a name derived from their bodies. These are played upon by a needle working with small pricks and by the squeezed out sap of a native plant, so that they bear the resultant marks according to the personal rank of the individual…” Obviously, Seville wouldn’t have a word for ‘tattooing’, but it is all too clear that is what he’s referring to here, and is one of the most direct written references we have to the ancient Pictish practice. Animals were often a favorite tattoo design amoung the Picts; the bear, the boar, the wolf, the horse, the cat, the ox, and the stag were all favorites among warriors The majority of these animal have been found on Pictish stone carvings, so we have a strong idea of what these fierce animal tattoos might have looked like. Other Celtic-knot work and motifs were of course utilized in the tattooing process, things along the lines of the trinity-knot or triskelion. But, why did the Picts tattoo themselves? What was its purpose? In a word, it was to honour personal achievement. They provide tribal significance and serve as a warrior’s well earned totem; where individuals might have revered particular beasts for their speed, strength, fierceness, or cunning. And if a warrior managed to prove himself to be any of these, on or off the battle-field, he may have earned that animals power and essence to be marked on his body. Obviously, tattooing amoung the Picts was a practice that was sacred, tribal, and a part of a warrior tradition, all of which, in Celtic society, are revered parts of life and existence

Now, one question that comes up time and time again regarding the Picts’ battlefield appearance is, ‘did they fight naked?’ To keep the answer simple, yes, they did. Herodian of Sicily wrote of the earlier Britons and Caledonians, “They are ignorant in the use of clothes (on the battle-field)… they paint their bodies not only with the likness of animals of all kinds, but with all sorts of drawings. And this is the reason why they do not wear clothes, to avoid hiding the drawings on their bodies.” The Celtic tradition of fighting naked, along with tattooing one’s body, was obviously one that had been passed down to the Pictish tribes from their predecessors. The Picts even depict their warriors fighting naked on numerous rune-stones found in Eassie, Shandwick, and St. Andrews. To the Roman, however, a Celt presenting himself naked on the battle-field would have appeared to be nothing more than a wanton act of bravery. But to the Pict, it was a divine invocation of spiritual armour and protection, using the tattoos on one’s body as a holy medium to the sacred Celtic ‘Other-World’, or ‘Antumnos’. We have to keep in mind however, that fighting naked was the exception, but not the rule for combat. General public nakedness was frowned upon in Celtic society, as it was in the majority of Western Europe at this time. The act of fighting naked was a spiritual one; a ritual that unleashed a warrior’s potential through the fiery baptism of combat and the alignment of one’s immortal soul. It is worth noting, also, that psychological war-fare was very important to the Celts, and the effect of a bare, startling, impressive physical appearance was well understood. Naked warriors were intimidating; and an army of naked, heavily tattooed Picts would certainly drive home the shock-and-awe factor into an enemy’s heart.

-The Hunt and The Feast!: The everyday life of the Pictish warrior was one of relative luxury and leisure. The elite warrior class enjoyed the company of the Lords and Chieftains, basing themselves around their hill-forts and feasting halls, where they trained, practiced, played, feasted and hunted together. While the bulk of the Pictish population was made up of the lower-class farmers, artisans, herders, and huntsmen who worked and tilled the land about the Chieftain’s estates to support their families and the warrior aristocracy, in return for military protection. These lower-class Celts might not have received the same formal training as the elite, but they were still warriors in their own right! Many Chieftains throughout Celtic society and history made weekly, even daily in times of war, training and drilling mandatory, even for the simpler classes. These Pictish herders, hunters, and farmers essentially could be called upon as military reserves, and made up a war-band not unlike the Anlgo-Saxon Fyrd. Essentially, it wasn’t uncommon for any Pict, regardless of class, to see more than one battle in his lifetime.

Hunting was an important pastime for the Picts, and hunting scenes are depicted on countless stones throughout Scotland. Hunting expeditions served significant social and political purposes for the Pictish nobles, and was a way for them to show off and exercise their horsemanship and tracking abilities. The nobles rode out in groups with spears in hand, accompanied by horn-blowing servants and packs of deer-hounds. Game included red deer, wolves, wild boar, bears, and the fierce and wild highland ox. The nobles would chase down, circle, and impale their game with spears. To the lower-class hunting was a means of occasional survival, but also proved to be a worthy and joyous experience. They would stalk their pray in small parties, peppering it with arrows or crossbow bolts, then, if a certain Pict was feeling exceptionally brave that day, would jump on the blindside of the animal and slit it’s throat with a dirk.

Other then hunting, it was the banquet that was the second most important social event. These were typically held after a great hunt on a day of spiritual significance, such as the Celtic festivals of Samhain, Imbloc, Beltane, and Lughnasad, or on one of the many Christian holidays. Feats were also commonly held on the day before a major battle, or after a successful hunt or raid. Ceremonially speaking, the feast was a very important occasion. Seating arrangements depended upon the warriors status or standing with the Lord, and a mistake in even seating could result in a deadly duel or even a inter-clan war. Traditionally, the ‘Champion’ of the evening, that is the warrior or great hunter who they were honoring that night, would be entitled to the ‘Hero’s’ portion of the meal, meat, and mead. But, it was not uncommon for said Champion to be challenged, where he would then have to prove himself worthy of feasting upon such fine dining in single combat. Gerald of Wales wrote that the Picts, much like the Welsh, were ‘immoderate in their love of food and intoxicating drink, and Pictish kings had access to the finest of wines across Europe imported into Caledonia!’

However, feasts were not necessarily the rough, wild, drunken affairs that are often imagined. Tradition and customs had to be followed, fairness and self-restraint were admired as virtues, and clever conversation and a grand sense of humor were highly valued. The Pictish Warrior was expected to be shrewd and quick-witted, not only on the battle-field, but also at the dinner table. They were skilled in word-play, and in sarcastic and satirical humour, as Diodorus wrote of the Celts in the 1st century BC: ‘When they meet together they converse in few words and in riddles, hinting darkly at things for the most part and using one word when they mean another; and they like to talk in superlatives, to the end that they may extol themselves and depreciate all other men. They are also boasters and threateners and are fond of pompous language, and they have sharp wits and are not without cleverness at learning.” Poetry, music, dancing, and storytelling were considered to be manly acts. During the feast the bards would sing and serenade about the halls, and young warriors would recite poetry or weave fantastic tales of the ancients. They were, essentially, celebrating and invoking the ancestry, courage, and generosity of their gods and ancestors. Music would be performed on instruments such as the harp, the flute, the hand-drum, the Pictish triple-pipes, and the crwth, which was a kind of ancient Celtic lyre. After the feasting, stories, and songs, the evening would typically conclude with dancing energetic Celtic jigs and reels… And battle would be met at the first sight of dawn the next morning.

The Raid and The Battle!: There are few detailed sources or descriptions of the Picts in battle, but a considerable amount of information on their fighting techniques can discerned simply from their weaponry and equipment. The choice of fighting unarmoured, with large, broad cutting swords and small buckler shields immediately suggests a preference for active, open skirmishing warfare rather than the ‘Shield-Wall’, preferred by the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings. The Picts went to war for a variety of reasons, but cattle-rustling was a time-honoured tradition! To the Celts of Britain, Scotland, and Ireland cattle was wealth; the more cattle you had, the richer your land was, so raids were often conducted to thieve cattle. Ravaging and pillaging enemy territory for loot and other gain was well tried against the Roman Empire and continued in later centuries. Pictish politics also played a role; alliances between tribes and clans often shifted in the quest for new territory and the defense of their own.

The Picts did fight large scale battles, however, the most common military activity was the raid. The raid was a short-term expedition whose main goal was to capture cattle, wealth, and slaves. It was held a spiritual significance also, and could even be a legal requirement amoung warrior. The ‘first adventure’ of a young Celtic lord was an important occasion, where tradition demanded he raid cattle from an enemy to prove he was fit for command, and young untested warriors would accompany the young lord, to also prove themselves worthy to serve under their leader. Raids could have had several objectives, such as head-hunting, cattle-rustling, blackmail, kid-napping, collecting slaves, or good old looting and pillaging.

The choice for targets for the Picts was somewhat limited, occasionally clans would fight each other and civil war would erupt, but most raids were against foreigners, such as Rome, and later Saxons and Angles. Surprise was a vital element for a raid, so the party of warriors would often move at night. The would agree on signals and a plan of attack, often leaving a second group behind their trail to plan an ambush, in case or enemy pursuit. Against Rome, careful planning and a substantial centralized army would have been necessary to deal with the Legions. Unnecessary bloodshed was avoided where possible, to minimize revenge attacks. The most difficult was protecting the loot on the march back home, as even a successful raid could have been quickly reversed if enemy horsemen overtook the slow moving, wide-spread cattle train. If this was the case, the lightly armoured brigade of Celts could have been easily dispatched or would scatter, leaving the loot or cattle back in enemy hands. However, if the raid was profitable, that meant wealth for the Lord or Chieftain, who would then generously divide the spoils amoung his worthy participants. Often, the working-class Pict would look to join such a raiding party in order to make a pretty penny.

The size of armies during the Pictish Period was relatively small. For example, a force of 300 handpicked men would be considered a relatively effective force. However, if need be, the High Kings had the power to unite the whole of Calednoia. This made the two High Kings of the Picts the most powerful men in all of Britain, able to muster a force from seven kingdoms; consisting of over 10,000 warriors capable of raiding, pillaging, and open combat. But, before an army would set out on conquest, as stated earlier, there would be a feast for the warriors, consisting of fire-roasted meat off the bone and the finest ‘heather-ale’ in the seven kingdoms! But, this was done by the Lords and Chiefs to instill a sense of camaraderie amoung the war-band and also indebt each warrior to the king, thus spurring him on to greater and heroic feats in order to ‘earn his mead’. Pre-battle animal sacrifices and religious services to gain the blessings of the gods, or later, God, was an important part of Celtic Spirituality.

As battle approached, much like feasting, there was a great deal of ritual and tradition to be observed. For example, a common custom was the creation of a ‘Celtic Cairn’, commonly erected over Pictish graves or holy ground, each warrior would bring a fist sized stone with a rune carved on it. The stones were placed in a pile, and after each warrior returned from battle, they would take a single stone, leaving the rest behind as a grave-marker for those who have fallen in battle. The presiding king, lord, or chieftain would be in charge of the overall battle plan and the formation would depend on the enemy being faced. The Pictish army was no mere mob of wild ruffians, however, but a carefully deployed battle-force.
The place of the Pictish warrior within his or her unit would depend upon their status. The champions and heroes would fight on the front line, with lower status further back. As the lines formed up there would be a degree of psychological war-fare deployed by the Celts, attempting to intimidate the enemy at hand. Champions might present themselves bare-chested to the enemy, displaying his magical tattoos, swinging and whirling his weapons, and shouting challenges of single combat. Many Celtic warriors fought under the influence of ‘battle-madness’, similar to the Norse idea of ‘berserking’, also called the dasachtach or miri-cath made famous by the legendary Celtic hero Cú Chulainn. This could be achieved by extreme pre-battle stress, meditative techniques, or the use of narcotics such as henbane.

Bards also played an important role in battle, encouraging the warriors to emulate
glory of their ancestors, and also call upon doom to their enemies. Picitsh bards appear on numerous rune-stones accompanying warriors into combat; they played songs such as ‘The Chieftainship of Britain’ or ‘Incitement to Battle’, which were used to encourage and rally the Highland charge. The bards may have been armed, certainly, but did little fighting. They carefully watched the deeds of warriors and recorded their glorious triumphs and heroic deeds into verse and song. This encouraged champions to perform to their upmost ability; so they may receive praise from the Bards. Once battle was met, the line of Bards would play war-trumpets, similar to the ancient Celtic carnyx. Like the well known tunes of Highland bag-pipes, they would provide stimulus in battle, frightened and discouraged the foe, and provided a form of signaling and communication about the field of combat.

The purpose behind all these rituals was to ‘psych up’ the warriors for battle, which would result in the infamous Celtic charge. This devastating charge was almost always done in battle for two reasons; one, the Celts were already eager for a fight and pumped up from all the pre-battle rituals and two, neither the mounted Pictish horseman nor the unarmoured foot soldier was well equipped for defensive war-fare, being only protected by a buckler. So, the Picts would generally prefer an open brawling, aggressive mêlée where their speed, agility, and individual weapon skill could be used to the best advantage. The parallels between the aggressive charges of the ancient Celts, and their decadents, the 17th and 18th century Highland clans are clearly obvious.

There is evidence, of course, that the Picts simply did not blindly rush into battle, but were capable of fighting in disciplined formations, waiting patiently for the right moment to strike, and carrying out complex large-scale maneuvers. One of the best written examples comes from one of the Picitsh Aberlemno stone; in the upper strip we see a horseman with a sword in hand, chasing an enemy who has abandoned his weapons. In the center, we see Pictish infantry standing in three ranks, facing on-coming cavalry. The second rank presents a long, two-handed spear which protrudes to protect the front rank, with a shield strapped over his shoulder. The third rank stands in reserve, spear in hand, until needed to fill in for fallen allies. In the bottom section, two horsemen charge each other, exchanging javelins. This battle, whatever it was, ended in a Pictish victory, indicated by the mail-coated enemy who lay dead in the center of the stone who became ‘food for the ravens’ depicted around the embroidering of the stones.
The ‘Schiltron’ depicted on said rune-stone, was a spear formation and pike-block used by the Picts as a means of defense against cavalry. Truly, any war-lord or general of the time would tell you the best way to deal with these ‘naked savages’ would be to send in the heavy cavalry; the Schiltron was the effective answer to said cavalry. Most Dark-Ages armies like the Saxons and Vikings formed ‘Shield-Walls’, but the Pictish formation was superior against cavalry as it allowed sword-and-shield men in the front rank gave the spearmen some protection from skirmishers, but also fended off knife-men attempting to get in under the spears. The Schiltron remained in us for 800 years, and was famously used by William Wallace during the Scottish Wars of Independence, as well as Welsh Wars of Edward I.

Truly, war was a well planned, well prepared endeavor for the Picts. They knew how to wage war, train their warriors, and fight on their own terms. Once a battle concluded, and if successful, the Celts would pursue the defeated enemy with eagerness and scour the battlefield for booty. The foe’s baggage and cattle would be seized, camp followers enslaved, the dead stripped of jewelry and decapitated for trophies. Enemy leaders were captured and be ritually sacrificed by beheading or downed in a great barrel or cauldron, in a kind of ‘Celtic water-boarding.” If defeated, the Picts would disperse into a nearby forest or into the Highland mist… Regrouping later that evening. Although there are depictions of Celts bravely fighting to the death, an old Highland proverb said, ‘better a good retreat then a bad stand’, and there was only little shame in living to fight another day.
Dark Age Celtic medicine was surpassingly sophisticated in its methods, and even a badly wounded Pict had a chance at survival. The medics and medicine-men were part of the Druidic class, much like the bards, and were knowledgeable in herbal lore and were capable of surgery such as stitching, amputation, and trepanation. Tacitus even noted that the Celts carried their wounded off the field of battle, so that the women could tend to their wounds.

Win or lose, the deeds of the battle were recorded by the Bards; they praised the great warriors who had fallen and crossed into ‘Other-World’, and they likened the deeds of the survivors to those of great, ancient heroes. Once a warrior received direct praise from a bard, his status increased immensely… Nevertheless, the Picts proved themselves as warriors, and truly some of the deadliest history has ever known.

But, wait! What would a Pictish Raider carry into battle? Well, in the spirit of ‘Deadliest Warrior’, I’ve provided a set-up and weapon list for what a Pict would be armed with during a raid, open combat, or otherwise. This analysis was really more about the ethos, training, and rights of the Celtic warrior, but I’ve provided a weapon set because I know somebody or another would ask for one. Enjoy!

Name: Pictish Raider
Region: Caledonia
Era: 1st century AD to 7th Century AD
Brilliant guerrilla fighters, raiders, and shock troops; the Picts used these tactics to harass Roman rule for decades upon decades.

Short range- Pictish Buckler and Skean: A round buckler of about twenty-two inches in diameter, constructed from oak wood and covered in hide-leather. A central bronze boss encloses a hand grip mounted at the back of the shield. The ornamentation depicts animals sacred to Pistish battle-customs, some being mythological. It served as a sturdy shield to ward-off and parry blows, but also was used as an offensive striking ‘punch-shield’ weapon in close combat. The shield was often carried with the early Pictish dirk, called a 'Skean' in their ancient language. The Skean was a long, double sided fighting dagger that served as a functional tool as well. Meant to stab and slash, the Pictish Raider would close in on an opponent, and attack at vulnerable areas. Slashing at the throat and back of the legs, as well as stabbing into the liver or chest, in an effort to bleed an enemy out, was a common practice with this weapon.

Mid-range- Pictish longsword: Not unlike other Celtic long swords, this weapon was constructed out of cast iron, the handle being made out of hard-wood for a solid grip, and the curved cross-guard and pommel out of shaped bronze; to give the sword that classic anamorphic look, which was common amongst Celtic blades, but also closely resemble the swords used by the Anglo-Saxons. It was used to stab, but more often cut and slash, the Picts wielding this weapon wildly and fiercely. Archeological finds of Pictish blades have reached lengths of up to five feet, but a more practical blade would have been around three and a half.

Long range- Javelins: Long throwing spears of simple make were a main-stay of Celtic war-fare; they were thrown effectively into an enemy line to harass troops before engaging into close combat. For the Picts, these were often thrown out of their hiding place of the brush or forest, and thrown en-mass before engaging the close-range ambush. The javelin had a cast iron head with a long, narrow tip to pierce shields and armour. The head is attached to a willow shaft with rivets. They typically never reached lengths of over 5 feet, and were carried in pairs of twos.

Special weapon- Celtic Battle Axe: A single bladed, one handed battle axe that the Picts used to great effect. It was no more than two feet in length and wielded in a single hand, paired with the sheild. The axe-head its self was of a distinctive Pictish design and was bearded; used to cleave through armour, hook shields, and shop limbs. The reliable cast-iron head paired with the sturdy oak shaft made this a sturdy and reliable weapon, but also fairly light weight, as to not slow the warrior down during a raid.

Conclusion: As we all know, I love the Celts. They are my ancestors and I feel a cultural pull to them. I wanted to prove a point about them; they weren’t mindless, ignorant barbarians. In fact, they were well trained, well disciplined warriors that made up an elite fighting force of the ancient world. I constantly see on the boards reoccurring, ignorant points that are just misconceptions and half-truths about the Celtic Warrior. I wanted to put these points to rest. For example, I constantly hear that the Celts had no battle-field or professional training; and I proved that point to be VERY wrong. I chose to analysis the Picts because they are often viewed to be one of the more savage tribes of Celts, historically speaking, and I wanted to prove even the most savage tribes among us Celts were sophisticated warriors. When we watch ‘Deadliest Warrior’ we typically think that the ‘deadliest’ amonug the ancient pantheon are the Spartan, the Samurai, and the Knight. But, why is this? Well, the Spartan received hard physical training since his youth and held a brotherly bond with the men of his unit; so did the Celts. The Samurai was a scholar warrior well versed in both sword-play and the fine arts, poetry, and philosophy; so were the Celts. The Knight served his king and country, he held a code of battle-field conduct, and was a master in various weapon systems of his time; so were the Celts. See my point? I leave to pounder that…. Hope you enjoyed =) Albá/Érin/Gállia/Británnia Gu Brágh! (Scotland, Ireland, Gaul, and Britain Forever).

 

An Analysis of the Celtic Warrior: What Deadliest Warrior Should Have Done

 By: Logan R.

Okay, we’re just going to dive right into this. We all know certain warriors, their culture, and their weapons have a tendency to be misrepresented on Deadliest Warrior. That much we all at least can agree on. Unfortunately, these misrepresentations can lead to a large amount of misconceptions about certain warriors. One such warrior that I felt fell into a vague stereotype, and was, however, well captivated, but just slightly lack-luster was my direct ancestor, The Celtic Warrior.

We all saw the Celt valiantly fight against the Persian Elite, and witnessed some pretty wicked tests in the process; Francis’s killer ability with the long sword and club, and even Spencer proved accurate with the sling, making any Celtic skirmisher proud, despite nabbing only one kill. I will admit, this episode was rather awesome, and at the very least, the Celtic Warrior spirit was captured, mostly due to the experts and their impressive testing if nothing else. As well as, of course, Dave Baker (who’s ass I will kiss repetitively through this analysis) and his ability to craft such fine Celtic Weaponry. However, the Celt was misrepresented in several areas, and I will attempt to break down what Deadliest Warrior did wrong, acknowledge what they did right, and revive the Celtic Warrior with a whole new out-look and weapon-set.

First off, Deadliest Warrior got it all wrong when they decided to call him the ‘Celtic Warrior’, and whilst there is nothing really WRONG with this, it just doesn’t really make sense… We Celts are an ethnic group that has divided itself into numerous clans, tribes, and families while still identifying with a single culture and similar language. At one point we Celts flourished from the Western Iberian shores all the way to establishing small colonies in Turkey and other parts of Eastern Europe after we claimed victory at Thermopylae and sacked Greece. In ancient times, the Celtic culture spread far and wide. So to say ‘Celtic Warrior’ is just rather vague… Perhaps a little TOO vague… The Celts of Britain fought just a wee bit differently than the Celts of Spain. In other words, ‘Celtic’ is a form of culture and self-identity, not a warrior class. Deadliest Warrior should have been a lot more specific with this one, at least stating which region and tribe this Celt hailed from. Instead we got a hodgepodge of different Celtic weapons and tactics, leading into a historical mess.
So how do we fix this issue? Easy! We simply establish what region or tribe our newly re-formed Celtic Warrior comes from! For me, it’s a no-brainer. Our Celt is going to hail from what the Romans referred to as the Great Celtic Civilizations… Gaul! Caeser waged war against several Gallic tribes from 58 BC to 51 BC, eventually conquering the whole of the Celtic nation. But, why Gaul? Why not Caledonia or Celt-Iberia? Caeser and several other Roman historians kept careful records of the Gauls, particularly their tactics and methods of fighting, during their conquests. Needless to say, we know a lot about them. We perhaps know more about the Gallic Celts than any other Celtic nation or tribe, save the dark-age Gaels.

So, we’ve gone from ‘Celtic Warrior’ to ‘Gaulish Warrior’. This makes developing a weapon set and other factors a lot easier on a historical level.
http://www.humanities.mq.edu.a​u/acans/caesar/GallicWars.htm Here I have provided a map of Gaul laid out during Caesar’s conquests. Our Gallic Warrior will specifically be from central Gaul called Transalpine Gaul (Gaul over the Alps). This is roughly yet, primarily where our Gaul will hail from. The clans from these areas were the staple of Celtic culture and civilization and a prime example of an advanced Celtic culture during the Iron Age. The Gauls of these regions were the most adept warriors and essentially fit the image of a typical Celt. In a word, the Gauls were very artistic and war-like. They were proud artisans, farmers, hunters as well as warriors. Roman sources claim them to be fantastic swordsmen, and even the legionnaires feared to face them in single combat.

So we’ve fixed the whole ‘Celtic Warrior’ issue… let’s move onto the armour and weapons…

Armour and general battlefield appearance: "The Romans... were terrified by the fine order of the Celtic host, and the dreadful din, for there were innumerable horn -blowers and trumpeters, and... the whole army were shouting their war-cries... Very terrifying too were the appearance and the gestures of the naked warriors in front, all in the prime of life and finely built men, and all in the leading companies richly adorned with gold torcs and armlets." ...Polybius, 2nd century BC

They may have been passionate fighters, but the Celts weren’t the naked savages running around the battle-field with no armour on their person like DW depicted… Well, not the Gauls anyway. When Julius Caesar, Polybius, and other Geeco-roman wrote that ‘The Gauls/Celts fought naked’ this is often misinterpreted. Unlike the Picts and certain Gaelic tribes, the Gauls rarely went into battle unclothed. ‘Fought naked’ just sort of meant ‘with-out any suitable armour’, and when they’re facing off against a well-equipped and heavily armoured Roman solider they minds-well have been naked, so to speak! Often, in times of battle, a Gaul’s clothes were ripped or worn-out, so he simply tore it from his person in the heat of combat. A brave Gaul may have even lost his tunic before the battle even began, in an effort to intimidate his opponent; this was not an uncommon practice. So, was it totally wrong to have the Celt fight near naked on Deadliest Warrior? Well…No. But, it wasn’t totally right either.
"Golden is their hair and golden their garb. They are resplendent in their striped cloaks, and their milk-white necks are circled with gold."
-- Virgil, 1st century B.C. poet

So what did the Gauls wear into battle? Well, not a whole lot of armour as Caesar and others noted… They certainly had chainmail, but only war-chiefs and nobles could ever hope to afford it. Gaulish warriors went into combat rather light; relying on speed and power rather than heavy armour. Everyday fashion was essentially the same as battle-garb. A tunic of wool or linen was worn, as well as the infamous plaid trousers, dyed elaborate colours. A plaid cloak-like garment made from sheep’s wool known as a ‘brate’ was also a common sight. They were a showpiece to typically display their wealth or the sewing skills of their ladies, being trimmed with fancy stitching and woven in colourful patterns and fringes. It was long and wide enough to be a blanket to use when sleeping outdoors, which served well when on campaign. The brate could be folded and draped a number of different ways depending on the activity they were doing. During battle and hunting activities, the brat would be folded and draped over a shoulder, other activities that didn’t involve much moving around, it would have been casually draped. Being a heavy, plaid woolen garment, many historians argue that it is the predecessor to the Gaelic kilt.

Perhaps the most important part of Celtic fashion, however, was the Torc! Gauls proudly sported the ‘Celtic Torc’ around the neck, with matching versions for the forearms or biceps, a symbol of Gallic freedom and culture. Typically made from bronze or iron the Torc was handmade to fit the specific warrior who wore it. Certain tribes did use war-paint, similar to woad. But only certain tribes in Gaul practiced it and was often only used in the greatest of war-times.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F​ile:Celtic.warriors.garments-r​eplica.jpg Replica Celtic armour set, shield, and Brate cloak taken from wiki.

But enough on Celtic fashion… this was supposed to be about armour right?!
What did Deadliest Warrior do right? Remember the armour test against the Persian Sagaris? The helmet was pretty spot on. Of course they came in different styles, but they were generally similar and served the same purpose; to protect your head! The shield, however, was a little off. It was a beautiful shield and I was even impressed they managed to fit the handle behind the metal-boss and not use it as a more medieval ‘strap-to-your-arm-shield’, but it had its flaws. For starters the very geometric design was more associated with the neighboring Germanic tribes, not to mention it was a little big… Celtic, and more specifically, Gaulish shields were more ‘oval’ shaped and a bit smaller. This would make the shield a bit less clumsy to the maneuverable Gaul, as well as easier to wield alongside his preferred weapon; the longsword.

http://www.redrampant.com/2009​/06/celtic-shields.html <-- I’ve provided a link to images and archeological evidence of various Celtic shields found in and around Gaul.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v​=1GU7okS-2xY from about 5:30 to 5:56, Peter Woodward of ‘conquest’ demonstrates sword and shield techniques of the Celtic style with a prime example of a Gaulish shield!

Individuals: "They are tall in stature, with rippling muscles under clear white skin, they look like wood demons" - Diodorus Siculus, 25 BC
Here is where I will discuss and do in depth on the Celtic warriors training, life style, culture, and tactics and, of course, how they functioned as individual warriors. No Celtic group employed a regular military as we would understand it. Organization was according to clan grouping and social class As for training, it was rather somewhat similar to that of the Vikings or Saxons, in a roundabout way. All able-bodied men within Gaulish society were expected to become warriors; it was essentially a cultural necessity. Men of noble birth were given a vast amount of training and taught advanced swordplay and horseback skills. Elite Gauls were even able to throw javelins off of horse-back, even while retreating, similar to the Scythians and Huns ‘parting shot’. Depending on your noble status within Celtic society, you were often born into the warrior-class and expected to serve as bodyguards and sergeants to war-chiefs, druids who held political sway, and other important figure heads. These Celtic Elite often made up the cavalry regiments and were known in the Gaulish language as ambaxtoi, or ‘those who accompany’. Most men, however, weren’t of noble birth and were typical farmers, herders, hunters, craftsman and artisans, among other things. But that doesn’t make them any less of warriors! Celtic common soldiery was very similar to the Anglo-Saxon idea of the ‘Fyrd’; that is, a citizen militia which is given rudimentary training and can be assembled in a time of war. But what did this rudimentary training consist of? Many tribes made weekly, even daily training, required. You practiced sword-play, spear work, javelin throwing, grappling and wrestling techniques, war-chants, marching in formation, among other things. Many practiced strength training with stones, shaped logs, pulling ploughs; competitions of strength and sport were often held in time of festivals as well! Some things never change for Celts.

Essentially, training was simple, but effective. Many Roman sources wrote that the strength of the Gallic army lies in its infantry, they were fierce and passionate on the battlefield and even the legionnaires feared to face them in single combat. Even the basic Celtic infantry had an uncanny understanding of anatomy; they received this knowledge in their routine training. The Gauls were said to go for ‘death blows’ with their swords and spears, they aimed for key arteries and organs in order to achieve victory over an opponent. For the Gallic swordsmen, the arteries in the neck, back of the legs/hamstrings, under the arms, crotch, as well as the collar bone, liver, and kidneys, if they weren’t covered by armour, were all areas for which the swordsmen and spearmen aimed. These areas, when struck, were said to cause massive pain, significant bleeding, and result in death in a matter of minutes or even seconds. Gallic warriors, in a sense, were sort of like the Spartans, in that they lacked a variety of vast weaponry. The Celtic weapon set was simple; swords, spears, javelins, and a few others and that was really it for the Gauls, they preferred simple, direct war-fare. These were the weapons their ancestors used to great effect, and they weren’t going to let Rome, or anyone else, for that matter, change that anytime soon. But, what they lacked in variety they easily compensated with skill, speed, and strength.

Other then war-training basic survival needs such as farm work and hunting tended to keep most ancient peoples in relatively decent fighting shape. It was different time, and hard work was valued and accepted. Of course, friendly (and sometimes not-so-friendly) duels kept warriors practicing their techniques and in the fighting spirit. Needless to say, the Gallic clans were prosperous. They had developed a beautiful, artistic culture, comfortable living conditions, an unorthodox (by Roman standards) but effective military of citizen warriors, and had even claimed various victories against their Roman rivals through the ages. Most all Roman and Greek sources describe the Celts as large, muscular warriors, and more then that being ferocious on the battle field. This was, however, not just antiquity exaggeration, but held a lot of truth. Celts were large, or at the very least, muscular by nature, but also had to do with their training and diet. Most Gallic families and clans embraced the tradition of the hunt. The men in the family would often hunt for food, but it was also a jolly means of sport and sharpened your skills as a man and a warrior. Hunting was done with the spear, and the beasts were chased, cornered and killed. Then, dragged to the village and slaughtered. Celts respected the nature and the hunt greatly and often used every part of the animal, not unlike the Native American tribes.

Like the Romans, the Celts loved a good feast, often holding grand feasts on solsitices and in time of celebration. But, their diet kept them strong. The staple of a Gallic diet consisted of a lot of meat; venison, veal, partridge, pheasant, hare, beef, and, of course, boar, were all very common at the dinner table. Boar being the most prized, as it fed many and held a special significance to the Celts. The boar held a similar status in Gallic society as the eagle did in roman; it found its way onto war-banners and on numerous artifacts. Crops and large gardens were also kept and cabbage, leeks, onions, among other things was grown. Trout and salmon, as well as wild, fresh fruits were caught, plucked, and eaten seasonally…

But, hold on. First the fashion rant and now the Celts’ diet plan? How is this relevant? Where are the weapons? To answer that question, we’ll get to the weapons in just a minute. Bare with me. Secondly, why is what the Gauls ate important? Because stuffing a Celt full of fire-roasted red meat and boiled cabbage makes for a strong, hardy warrior and genetic stock. The Celts ate this way for hundreds, nearly a thousand years. There’s an old Irish proverb that says; "Men are like bagpipes: no sound comes from them till they're full." Just a bit of Celtic wisdom, you want fighting men, feed them! A lot!

We all know the Gauls, like most ‘barbarians’ of the time, fought in loose war-bands and employed physiological war-fare and scare tactics to their opponents, things like group chanting and battle-cries, banging their weapons against their shields, the wearing of war paint, charging in without any armour, etc. The Gauls favorite tactic was to work up the war band, soften the enemy line with javelins, draw swords, and then charge the line with a mighty bellow! The goal was to break the roman line and spirit. Much like the Spartan phalanx, if one gap was created, there was a chance of the entire formation dissolving. Once broken, the Gallic war-band had a chance at victory. If the line didn’t break in the first charge, you retreated, regained your breath, beat your shield a few more times, then charged again. Sometimes there would be a fresh line of troops behind the initial war band, in case the first war-part got tuckered out. Timeless, effective, needless to say, the Romans hated Gallic persistence. Although, this was the preferred tactic, Gauls had other means to defend themselves.

Their shields and spears were of fine craftsmanship and often decorated to invoke spiritual power. Gallic sword-smithing was even respected by the Romans, although there are mix sources on Celtic Iron and its reliability. There are sources that state many Gauls fought in a kind of loose ‘Phalanx’ formation, more than capable of marching with spear and shield in hand, and could even stop a cavalry charge. This does say a lot about the Gaul’s discipline and training, as well as possibly being adaptable since they more than likely took the tactic from the Romans. Staunch, proud, strong, and capable warriors… but not quite naked savages.
So, hopefully that gives you a brief glimpse of what life was like in the beautiful country of Gaul for the Celtic warrior. Not exactly the same ethos presented by Deadliest Warrior… but, close. I felt it was really missing the cultural significance behind it and playing too much off stereotypes. Hopefully this clears it up a bit.

Now… the weapons! What you all have been waiting for!
Weapons: Here is where I examine the more interesting end of the analysis… The weapons! And again, Dave Baker, the man who makes and designs the weapons for the show, is an exceptional weapon-smith and has impressed me immensely. The unhistorical, miss-use, or irrelevancy of the weapons is really the blame of the producers and/or the experts… Now, I will take a look at the Celtic Warrior’s weapon set from the show, examine it, see how it faired in the match-up, and then work with it as a bass for the new Gaulish Warrior. Note: Celt fought on chariot.

Short Range: Celtic Long sword; kill count of 170: This was probably one of Dave Baker’s best works yet. It’s a beautiful sword and proved lethal in the hands of the experts. Plus, it was historically accurate (HOORAY!) The length was near perfect for a sword of its make and the cooper hilt held some sort of anthropomorphic design which was spot on accurate. Over all, the Celt’s best weapon in the simulation, well demonstrated on and off the chariot, and over-all very accurate. Swords were expensive, however, even in Gallic society. Not every warrior could afford one, but they weren’t as uncommon as one would initially think. A well to do land owner or craftsman could afford one in a time of war. Most swords lasted hundreds of years if they were properly taken care of, and most warriors inherited their sword from their father or other respective elder relative.

Mid-Range: Lancea; kill count of 126: Besides the name and use of the weapon this spear was very impressive on a historical level, but it also adds to the fact that Deadliest Warrior couldn’t exactly settle on what they wanted from their Celt. First off, 'Lancea' is the name of a Roman spear inspired by the ones used by their Celtic foes, but not necessarily a Celtic weapon at all… Secondly, you wouldn’t throw this kind of spear. No. Not at all. For starters it’s much too long. Celtic spear, such as this one, measured around seven to eight feet (far too long to be used as a throwing weapon, although Francis did a fine job, nonetheless!) and were meant for close combat and formation fighting. It got some kills but, compared to the Immortals 247 it fell a bit short… It was an accurate spear though! The wavy ‘flame’ tip was rather common in and around Switzerland, where many of these same tips have been found in archeological excavation. If they were to have tested this properly, that is a two handed thrust at close range, we would have seen ample damage from the unique spear head.

Long range: sling; kill count of 1: Ahhh, the sling. History has some good things to say about it, but it’s constantly shut down by Deadliest Warrior… honestly, this isn’t a bad weapon by any means and holds great potential to kill. It just seems to fall short on DW. Celts really didn’t enjoy missile weapons by any means, save the sling and javelins. Bows were really reserved for hunting, and even then they preferred to chase the game with a spear. But they loved the sling. Rather easy to make, easy to carry, and easy to use. Most Gauls used slings to hunt pheasants and other fowl, as well as small game such as hares and such. They were also sort of the ‘bar room dart board of the day’, used to amuse, pass time, and prove skill among warriors. But, they proved useful on the battlefield. Skirmishing with slingers to harass an enemy line proved most effective, especially from tree tops, brush, or other covered areas. It nabbed only one kill against the Persian, but that’s probably due to the fact that it’s not the best weapon for a duel, being much more useful in mass numbers, as well as the immortal’s body armour. And as useful as it is… It wouldn’t be the Celt’s first long range option. That would be the javelin. More on that later.

Special Weapon: Burda Club; kill count of 14: It doesn’t take a genius to fire-harden a club and wrap two bands of iron around it, but, nonetheless, I had never even heard of this weapon until Deadliest Warrior. I’m still not sure how accurate it is… there have been bands of iron that have been found that could have easily been fitted to a club, the wood having rotted away a lnog time ago. But, what it lacks in historical evidence it makes up for being totally awesome. I won’t deny the tests for it were incredible. So, why did it do so poor in the sim? Answer; the chariot. Celts of Gaul stopped suing the by the 2nd Century BC, but the Britons still used them to some extent, and very effectively. But, unfortunately, this club didn’t have it’s time to shine. If the fight would have been on foot, I’m sure this weapon would have got 75 plus kills. But, as impressive as it is… It may not make the cut for the new weapon set.
New Weapon Set: Now that we know a bit about our Gaul i.e. where he came from, what his tactics and training was, even what he ate and wore, we can more easily establish a historical, but effective, weapon set.

Name: Gaulish Warrior
Era: 200 BC- 51 BC
Region: Transalpine Gaul

Short Range: Celtic Longsword- Not only is this the Gallic Warrior’s preferred weapon, but 127 kills against bronze armour? That’s text book. Easily one of the Celt’s most famed and powerful weapons and a noteworthy Celtic warrior isn’t complete without it.

Mid-Range: War-Spear- Essentially the same design as the lancea, but to a different practice. To be used in both hands or paired with the shield. The wavy, unique blade, dubbed the ‘La Tene’ spear head was incredibly effective against lightly armoured opponents, and served the Celt well to cause massive bleeding and deathly lacerations, as was his goal in single combat.

Long range: Javelin- The Gallic Javelin was short, typically no more than 4 or 5 feet, was made of hard wood, and possessed a long, narrow iron tip. These were thrown at a defensive line, and the narrow head served well to pierce through armour. A Celtic warrior would bring at least two of these weapons, probably strapped to his shield, attempt to harass the enemy line, then move on to his close range arsenal.

Special Weapon: Shortsword and sling- Despite popular belief, Celtic swords ranged from a simple twenty inches to four whole feet. The shortsword was essentially the Gauls dirk or pugio, a lethal side arm to complement his larger blade. It hung from the belt, on the opposite side of its larger cousin. When the Gauls charged a shield line in an effort to break it, they would run in with their longswords in an attempt to cleave shields and disrupt the formation. With any luck, the line broke, and it then turned to bloody close combat; that where the short sword came in. Against tightly packed roman infantry in close combat, the longsword became cumbersome, so it was discarded for a time being and the short sword was drawn. Excellent to make lethal cuts and punch through armour, it proved well at such close, lethal ranges. I threw in the sling for good measure, if there’s anything the Celt needs, its more long range fire-power. And it really can’t do him any harm. It’s light weight and could easily snag a few kills, or at the very least aid in the incapacitation of the enemy. Throw what javelins you have, hit him with a few rocks, then engage at closer ranges. 

Any feed-back and positive criticism is always accepted! Hope you enjoyed!

DISCLAIMER: All links and photos accessed via links were used with out permission and are the property out each respective author/website.